Lessons From Wal-Mart: Five Common Mistakes When Brands Cross Borders

Wal-Mart's recent problems in Germany and the subsequent analysis uncovers some of the pitfalls that face market leaders when they choose to cross cultural borders. The common theme is that if you do not already possess an "iconic" brand—Starbucks or Apple are the common examples—you must adapt to the indigenous culture. And this applies across the board from your business model, marketing strategy and product mix to choosing to follow HR practices from your home culture or local culture. While none would like to acknowledge that their brand may not be considered as iconic as Starbucks' or Apple's, here are five common mistakes companies make when structuring a global brand strategy.

1. Interpret; don't translate
Translating your message into the local language is not enough to ensure your intent will be understood or interpreted correctly. This applies to business models and HR practices, as Wal-Mart discovered in Germany recently, or your branding and marketing message, as Match.com found when they decided to go global. Their tagline "Love is complicated. Match.com is simple." didn't communicate their intent to customers from Portugal to Peru until they instructed their copywriters to look for the meaning behind the words. Their intent, they discovered, was that Match.com opens a door to a myriad of possibilities. Therefore, they changed their international tagline to "Millions of possibilities. Match.com" on many of their global sites.

2. Value is contextual
The quality of your implementation has always been important in maintaining a certain brand image. However, when crossing cultural boundaries, the nuances of what denotes quality become less predictable and thus extremely important to decode.

Value is contextual across cultures, as AT&T discovered when they fulfilled an order to supply cables to NTT in Japan. While the cables met all the specifications laid down, the Japanese rejected them on sight because they were ugly. AT&T executives were dumbfounded-after all, does it matter that the cables were ugly? They were intended to be buried underground anyway. The reason turned out to be that in Japanese culture, aesthetics are very closely connected to quality, and ultimately to soul. To them the ugliness of the cables implied that the product had "no soul" or no quality. Similarly, Wal-Mart found in Germany that the Germans did not value the "smiling" as a courtesy, but misunderstood it as flirtation.

Even mundane elements such as the quality of paper used for your corporate brochure may not indicate the same level of quality as that in your home culture. Handmade paper is far more highly valued in cultures where mass production and mechanization has raised the price of handicrafts, whereas in highly populous less industrialized nations, handicrafts are the staple of the underprivileged.

3. Playing follow the leader
Looking at how a foreign company has achieved success in one target market is not an indication that you should do the same. Since each industry or service has its own local conditions and customers, you cannot assume that a set of customers for a particular product or service will act the same as the one you are targeting. Nor should you assume that if a strategy similar to yours was successful for your brand in one market or region, it can be replicated as is. The smallest product and service differences can mean a great difference in a market you are not wholly familiar with as Wal-Mart's unsuccessful attempts to replicate their winning strategy in both similar (Asda in the UK) and differing (German or Korean) cultures demonstrates.

4. Making assumptions
This point may feel redundant yet needs to be made: we often realize that there are assumptions we may be making while shaping a brand or communication strategy for a different market. Being mindful of these assumptions can often mean the difference between success and failure. There are a plethora of case studies and anecdotes that illustrate this point from choice of brand name (for example, the Mitsubishi Pajero) to a choice of tagline. In today's world, global brands cannot afford to work with monocultural teams; diversity of cultural and social perspective is imperative. Assumptions made in marketing communications can also lead to perceptions of arrogance and insensitivity, something that can impact your bottom line as well as reputation.

5. Ineffectual leadership
Whether it is selecting the right local partners or vendors to work with or the employee in charge of the project, the quality of the individuals can often make or break a new market entry strategy. Your brand manager may not have any exposure to the new market or its culture, or may be too inexperienced to question the agency's decisions. Remember that a large agency may have an international presence but this does not guarantee that their local offices have influence in shaping the strategy of the brand in their market. Think first about who is working on your project and review their approach-are they arrogant? Are they culturally sensitive? All of these and more are highly relevant to finding the appropriate person or partner for a very different market.

Don't be in a hurry to see results. While market forces may require quarterly sales figures be constantly monitored, entering a new market-particularly one very different from your own-is a matter of respect, patience and perseverance. Witness Toyota's successful application of these very qualities in the world today.